が (Subject Particle)
The subject marker and when to use it vs は.
Finding what is there
Imagine you are in a room and looking for your keys. You ask your friend, 'Where are the keys?' Your friend points and says, 'The keys are on the table.'
The Subject Marker が
The particle が marks the subject of the sentence. It is used to introduce new information or to highlight exactly 'who' or 'what' is performing an action or existing.
Tip
Examples in Context
See how が identifies the subject in these common scenarios.
猫がいます。
There is a cat.
本があります。
There is a book.
Which sentence correctly indicates that a dog exists?
- ✓ 犬がいます。
- 犬はいます。
When stating existence (いる/ある), we use が to mark the subject being introduced.
は vs が
Choosing between these two particles is one of the most common challenges for learners.
Nuance differences
は
Topic marker: Used for known information or contrast.
私は学生です。
が
Subject marker: Used for new information or focus.
誰が学生ですか？
If you are answering the question 'Who is the teacher?', which particle should you use?
- は
- ✓ が
Because you are identifying the specific person (new information), you use が.
Deep dive: Question words
A special rule for question words.
Recap
Use **が** to mark the subject when introducing new information or identifying existence. It is the go-to particle for 'there is/are' sentences and answering 'who/what' questions.