Free Japanese Grammar Guide
Japanese grammar, from JLPT N5 to N1
310 structured lessons covering particles, verb forms, conditionals, keigo, idioms, and everything in between. Each lesson explains the pattern, shows example sentences with furigana, and includes conjugation tables and usage notes. Read free, then practice interactively in the app.
JLPT N5 — Beginner
Basic particles, desu/masu, adjectives, and the foundations of daily Japanese.
See all N5 resources →Daily Life Basics
Counters (〜つ, 〜人, 〜枚)Count objects, people, and flat things.〜ている / 〜てある (Ongoing vs State)Distinguish ongoing actions from resultant states.Time ExpressionsTell time, days of week, and dates.Mini-Dialogue 6: Daily LifeA day in the life — morning routine to bedtime.て-Form Rules (Overview)The complete guide to て-form conjugation across verb groups.〜てもいい (Permission)Ask for and give permission.〜てはいけない (Prohibition)Learn how to express that an action is prohibited or not allowed.
Describing Things
ほしい (Want)Say what you want (adjectives → things).い-Adjective ConjugationPast, negative, and past-negative for い-adjectives.上手 / 下手 (Good/Bad At)Learn how to express your skill level in various activities using the adjectives jouzu and heta.〜くなる / 〜になる (Becoming)Learn how to describe changes in state, such as something getting warmer or becoming a doctor.Mini-Dialogue 3: Describing Your TownDescribe your neighborhood and favorite places.な-Adjective ConjugationLearn how to express past, negative, and past-negative states using な-adjectives.好き / 嫌い (Likes & Dislikes)Express what you like and dislike.とても / あまり (Intensifiers)Say "very" and "not very" to adjust intensity.
Likes, Wants & Desires
で (Method/Means)Mark how something is done (by bike, with a pen).が 好き (Liking Verbs)Learn how to express your preferences and hobbies using the adjective 好き.から / まで (From/Until)Mark ranges in time and space.Mini-Dialogue 4: Ordering at a CafePractice expressing your wants and preferences in a real-world cafe setting.に (Indirect Object)Mark the recipient of an action.を (Movement Particle)Mark the path of movement verbs (walk, run).を (Object Particle)Mark the direct object of an action.〜たい (Want To)Conjugate verbs to express desires.
Daily Objects & Existence
ある / いる (Existence)Say "there is" for things and living beings.誰の + Noun (Whose)Ask whose something is.どこ (Where)Ask and answer 'where' questions.が (Subject Particle)The subject marker and when to use it vs は.この / その / あの + NounLearn how to modify nouns using the demonstrative adjectives 'kono', 'sono', and 'ano' to specify objects near you, near the listener, or far from both.これ / それ / あれPoint to things near/far from the speaker.Mini-Dialogue 2: At the StoreAsk about products and where things are.〜も〜も (Both/Neither)List items with も and negate them.に (Location Particle)Mark where something exists.
Introductions & Identity
い-AdjectivesDescribe with い-adjectives — the foundation of Japanese description.〜じゃない (Negation)Negate nouns and な-adjectives politely.Mini-Dialogue 1: IntroductionsPut it together — introduce yourself and ask about someone.も (Also/Too)Say "also" with the も particle.な-AdjectivesDescribe people and things with な-adjectives.の (Possessive)Show possession: 'my book', 'Tanaka-san's car'.Questions with かTurn any statement into a yes/no question.The は Particle & ですUse "A は B です" to introduce people and things.
Verbs & Time
〜前に (Before Doing)Say 'before ~ing' with time clauses.ません (Negative)Negate verbs politely.〜ませんか (Would You Like To?)Extend polite invitations.ました (Past Tense)Talk about what happened in the past.〜ましょう (Let's / Shall We)Learn how to suggest doing an activity together using the polite ましょう form.ます-Form (Polite Verbs)The foundation of polite verb conjugation.Mini-Dialogue 5: Making PlansPlan a weekend outing with friends.に (Time Particle)Mark specific points in time.〜てください (Please Do)Make polite requests.〜に行く/来る (Go/Come To Do)Express purpose: 'go to eat', 'come to see'.
JLPT N4 — Pre-intermediate
Te-forms, casual speech, giving/receiving, and connecting ideas.
See all N4 resources →Casual Speech
Casual Speech Lesson 1Master the basics of casual Japanese: replacing the polite 'desu' with 'da', using 'tte' for quoting, 'nda' for explanation, and 'yone' for seeking agreement.Casual Speech Lesson 2Master essential casual markers: だ, じゃん, って, んだ, and よね. Learn how to soften or emphasize your speech with friends.Casual Speech Lesson 3Master essential casual markers: だ, じゃん, って, んだ, and よね to sound more natural in everyday conversation.Casual Speech Lesson 4Master essential casual markers: だ, じゃん, って, んだ, and よね. These tools help you sound natural and conversational in informal settings.Casual Speech Lesson 5Mastering essential N4 casual grammar: だ, じゃん, って, んだ, and よね to sound more natural in everyday conversation.Casual Speech Lesson 6Master essential casual Japanese markers: だ, じゃん, って, んだ, and よね to sound more natural in conversation.Casual Speech Lesson 7Master essential casual markers: だ, じゃん, って, んだ, and よね to sound more natural in everyday Japanese conversation.Casual Speech Lesson 8Mastering the building blocks of casual Japanese: だ, じゃん, って, んだ, and よね.Casual Speech Lesson 9Mastering essential N4 casual markers: だ, じゃん, って, んだ, and よね to sound more natural in everyday conversation.Mini-Dialogue: Casual SpeechPractice N4 casual speech patterns including だ, じゃん, って, んだ, and よね in a natural conversation setting.
N4 Integrated Dialogue
N4 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 1This lesson introduces the causative-passive form, a staple of N4-level intermediate storytelling and dialogue.N4 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 2This lesson covers the usage of the ～てみる (te-miru) structure, which is used to express trying something out or testing an experience.N4 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 3Mastering the usage of ～てみる (trying something out) to describe experimental actions in daily life.N4 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 4Mastering the usage of '〜てしまう' to express completion, regret, or surprise in natural Japanese dialogue.N4 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 5Mastering the usage of '〜たほうがいい' (it is better to do...) to give advice and suggestions in Japanese.N4 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 6Mastering the usage of ～ておく (te-oku) to describe actions done in preparation for the future.N4 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 7: Giving and Receiving (あげる/もらう)Master the Japanese verbs of giving and receiving: あげる (to give) and もらう (to receive).Mini-Dialogue: N4 Integrated DialogueA review dialogue integrating common N4 grammar points including potential forms, giving/receiving, and volitional expressions.
Giving & Receiving
Giving & Receiving Lesson 1An introduction to the Japanese verbs of giving and receiving: あげる, くれる, and もらう.Giving & Receiving Lesson 2Mastering the usage of ～てあげる, ～てくれる, and ～てもらう to express favors and actions done for others.Giving & Receiving Lesson 3Mastering the usage of ～てあげる, ～てくれる, and ～てもらう to describe favors and actions done for others.Giving & Receiving Lesson 4Mastering the usage of 'te-form + morau' to express receiving a favor or action from someone else.Giving & Receiving Lesson 5Mastering the usage of giving and receiving verbs in Japanese, specifically focusing on the nuance of 'doing a favor for someone' using the ～てあげる, ～てくれる, and ～てもらう structures.Giving & Receiving Lesson 6Mastering the usage of giving and receiving verbs in Japanese, specifically focusing on the nuance of 'doing a favor for someone' using the ～てあげる, ～てくれる, and ～てもらう structures.Giving & Receiving Lesson 7Mastering the Japanese verbs for giving and receiving: あげる, くれる, and もらう.Mini-Dialogue: Giving & ReceivingA review of the giving and receiving verbs: あげる, くれる, and もらう through a practical dialogue.
Expressing Intentions
Expressing Intentions Lesson 1Learn how to express your thoughts, plans, and intentions using the grammar patterns と思う (to think) and と言う (to say).Expressing Intentions Lesson 2Mastering the use of ために to express purpose and intent in Japanese.Expressing Intentions Lesson 3: ためにMaster the use of ために to express purpose and intent, connecting actions to their reasons or goals.Expressing Intentions Lesson 4Mastering the usage of ために to express purpose and intent in Japanese.Expressing Intentions Lesson 5Mastering the expression of purpose and intent using ために, と思う, and と言う.Expressing Intentions Lesson 6This lesson covers the grammar structures used to express intentions and plans, specifically focusing on the usage of と思う (thinking of doing), と言う (saying that), and ために (in order to).Expressing Intentions Lesson 7This lesson covers how to express personal intentions and plans using the ~つもりです structure, building on your ability to talk about future goals.Mini-Dialogue: Expressing IntentionsA review of expressing plans, intentions, and relaying information using と思う, と言う, and ために through a real-world dialogue.
Permission & Obligation
Permission & Obligation Lesson 1Learn how to express necessity and obligation using the 'nakereba naranai' structure, a fundamental N4 grammar point for daily life.Permission & Obligation Lesson 2Mastering the expression of duty and intention using べき and つもり.Permission & Obligation Lesson 3Mastering the expression of personal intentions and plans using つもり.Permission & Obligation Lesson 4Master the expression of intent and personal plans using the 'tsumori' structure, and review how it fits into the broader context of obligation and expectation in Japanese.Permission & Obligation Lesson 5This lesson explores how to express obligation and personal intent using the structures べき (should), なければならない (must), and つもり (plan to).Permission & Obligation Lesson 6Master the nuances of expressing duty, moral obligation, and personal intent using なければならない, べき, and つもり.Permission & Obligation Lesson 7This lesson covers the essential grammar for expressing necessity (なければならない), moral obligation (べき), and personal intention (つもり).Mini-Dialogue: Permission & ObligationA practical review of expressing obligation, duty, and plans through a natural workplace dialogue.
Past & Experience
Past & Experience Lesson 1Learn how to express past experiences using the た-form and the ことがある structure to talk about things you have done in your life.Past & Experience Lesson 2Mastering the たり〜たり form to describe non-exhaustive lists of actions, and reinforcing the use of ことがある for life experiences.Past & Experience Lesson 3Master the たり〜たり construction to describe representative actions and the ことがある pattern for life experiences.Past & Experience Lesson 4Master the たり〜たり construction to describe representative actions and summarize experiences.Past & Experience Lesson 5This lesson covers the たり〜たり construction, used to list representative actions in the past or present, and reviews the use of た-form for experiences.Past & Experience Lesson 6Mastering the たり〜たり (tari-tari) construction to list representative actions and experiences.Past & Experience Lesson 7Master the usage of 〜たことがある to express life experiences and the 〜たり〜たり form to list representative actions.Mini-Dialogue: Past & ExperienceA review of past tense, life experiences, and listing activities using a natural dialogue format.
Te-Form & Connecting
Te-Form & Connecting Lesson 1Introduction to the Japanese Te-form, the essential building block for connecting verbs and forming complex grammar structures.Te-Form & Connecting Lesson 2Mastering essential Te-form auxiliary patterns: ている, てある, てもいい, and てはいけない.Te-Form & Connecting Lesson 3This lesson covers essential N4 te-form structures: ている for ongoing states, てある for resultant states, てもいい for permission, and てはいけない for prohibition.Te-Form & Connecting Lesson 4Mastering the usage of Te-form for permissions (てもいい) and prohibitions (てはいけない).Te-Form & Connecting Lesson 5Mastering the versatile Te-form for expressing permission, prohibition, and ongoing states.Te-Form & Connecting Lesson 6Mastering the usage of て-form for permission (てもいい) and prohibition (てはいけない).Te-Form & Connecting Lesson 7This lesson covers the essential functions of the Te-form, including state of being (ている/てある), granting permission (てもいい), and prohibition (てはいけない).Te-Form & Connecting Lesson 8Mastering the versatile Te-form for permissions, prohibitions, and state descriptions.Te-Form & Connecting Lesson 9Mastering the versatile Te-form for state-of-being, permission, and prohibition.Mini-Dialogue: Te-Form & ConnectingA practical review of N4 te-form patterns including ongoing states, permissions, and prohibitions through a natural office conversation.
JLPT N3 — Intermediate
Conditionals, passive/causative, relative clauses, and compound structures.
See all N3 resources →Expressing Certainty
Expressing Certainty Lesson 1Learn how to express logical expectations and strong assumptions using the grammar point はず (hazu).Expressing Certainty Lesson 2Mastering the usage of わけ (wake) to explain logical conclusions and reasons for certainty in N3 Japanese.Expressing Certainty Lesson 3Mastering the usage of わけ (wake) to explain logical conclusions and reasons for certainty in N3 Japanese.Expressing Certainty Lesson 4Mastering the usage of わけ (wake) to explain logical conclusions and reasons in Japanese.Expressing Certainty Lesson 5Mastering the usage of わけ (wake) to explain logical conclusions and reasons for certainty.Expressing Certainty Lesson 6This lesson focuses on the grammar pattern わけだ (wake da), used to explain a logical conclusion or a reason for a state of affairs.Expressing Certainty Lesson 7Mastering the usage of わけ (wake) to explain logical conclusions and reasons for certainty.Expressing Certainty Lesson 8This lesson covers the grammar point ～わけだ, which is used to explain a logical conclusion or a reason for a situation based on evidence.Mini-Dialogue: Expressing CertaintyA review of N3 certainty expressions through a natural dialogue about a missing train pass.
Conditionals
Conditionals Lesson 1An introduction to the four primary conditional forms in Japanese: と, ば, たら, and なら. This lesson focuses on understanding the core logic behind each and how to choose the right one for your sentence.Conditionals Lesson 2: ば and ならMaster the nuances of the conditional forms ば and なら to express hypothetical situations and advice in Japanese.Conditionals Lesson 3: ならMaster the use of the conditional 'nara' to express advice, suggestions, or topics based on information provided by your conversation partner.Conditionals Lesson 4: The 'Nara' ConditionalMaster the use of 'nara' to express conditions based on topics or information provided by others.Conditionals Lesson 5: ならMaster the use of なら (nara) to express conditions based on information provided by the listener or specific context.Conditionals Lesson 6: The なら ConditionalMaster the use of なら (nara) to express conditions based on information provided by others or specific context.Conditionals Lesson 7Mastering the nuances of Japanese conditional forms: と, ば, たら, and なら to express cause, effect, and hypothetical situations.Conditionals Lesson 8Mastering the nuances of Japanese conditional forms: と, ば, たら, and なら.Conditionals Lesson 9Mastering the nuances of Japanese conditional forms: と, ば, たら, and なら.Mini-Dialogue: ConditionalsReviewing the usage of と, ば, たら, and なら in a natural conversation context.
N3 Integrated Dialogue
N3 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 1Mastering the usage of ～わけではない to express partial negation and nuanced explanations in Japanese dialogue.N3 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 2: Expressing Tendency with ～がちLearn how to use the grammar pattern ～がち to describe tendencies or frequent occurrences, often with a negative nuance.N3 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 3: ～ことになっているLearn how to express scheduled events, rules, or established customs using the ～ことになっている grammar pattern.N3 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 4Mastering the usage of 'tame ni' to express purpose and cause in N3-level dialogues.N3 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 5Mastering the usage of ～わけではない to express partial negation or clarification.N3 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 6: The Grammar of 'Just Because'Master the usage of the grammar pattern ～からといって, used to express that a reason is not sufficient to justify a conclusion.N3 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 7: The Grammar of 'Tame ni'Mastering the usage of ために (tame ni) to express purpose and cause in N3-level Japanese.Mini-Dialogue: N3 Integrated DialogueA review of N3-level conversational patterns through a natural office interaction.
Honorifics Introduction
Honorifics Introduction Lesson 1An introduction to Sonkeigo (respectful language) focusing on the special honorific verbs いらっしゃる and おっしゃる.Honorifics Introduction Lesson 2This lesson covers essential honorific verbs (sonkeigo) including いらっしゃる and おっしゃる, used to show respect to superiors.Honorifics Introduction Lesson 3Mastering the special honorific verbs いらっしゃる and おっしゃる to speak politely about others.Honorifics Introduction Lesson 4Mastering special honorific verbs: いらっしゃる and おっしゃる to elevate your business and formal Japanese communication.Honorifics Introduction Lesson 5Mastering the special honorific verbs いらっしゃる and おっしゃる to elevate your Japanese business communication.Honorifics Introduction Lesson 6Mastering the special honorific verbs いらっしゃる and おっしゃる to speak respectfully about others' actions.Honorifics Introduction Lesson 7This lesson introduces two essential Sonkeigo (respectful) verbs: いらっしゃる and おっしゃる, which are used to elevate the actions of superiors.Mini-Dialogue: Honorifics IntroductionA review of basic honorific verbs (sonkeigo) through a workplace dialogue.
Passive & Causative
Passive & Causative Lesson 1An introduction to the Japanese passive and causative verb forms, focusing on their structure and basic usage in daily communication.Passive & Causative Lesson 2Mastering the Causative-Passive (使役受身) form, used to express when someone is forced or coerced into doing an action against their will.Passive & Causative Lesson 3Mastering the causative-passive form (使役受身), used to express being forced or coerced into doing something against your will.Passive & Causative Lesson 4Mastering the Causative-Passive form (使役受身) to express being forced or coerced into doing something against your will.Passive & Causative Lesson 5This lesson explores the 'Causative-Passive' (使役受身) form, used to describe being forced or coerced into doing something against one's will.Passive & Causative Lesson 6Mastering the causative-passive form (使役受身), used to express being forced or made to do something against one's will.Passive & Causative Lesson 7Mastering the Causative-Passive (使役受身) form to express being forced or made to do something against one's will.Passive & Causative Lesson 8This lesson explores the causative-passive form (使役受身), used to express being forced or coerced into doing something against one's will.Mini-Dialogue: Passive & CausativeA practical review of passive, causative, and causative-passive forms through a workplace dialogue.
Giving Reasons
Giving Reasons Lesson 1Master the nuances of expressing causality in Japanese using から, ので, and し. Learn when to use objective explanations versus subjective justifications.Giving Reasons Lesson 2Mastering the nuances of expressing causality in Japanese using し, ため, and せい to distinguish between objective facts, subjective reasons, and blame.Giving Reasons Lesson 3Mastering the nuance of 'sei' and 'tame' to express causality and blame in Japanese.Giving Reasons Lesson 4This lesson explores the nuance of 'せい' (blame/fault) and 'ため' (cause/reason), helping you distinguish between neutral reasons and negative outcomes.Giving Reasons Lesson 5This lesson explores the nuances of expressing causality in Japanese, focusing on the differences between から, ので, し, ため, and せい to help you sound more natural and precise.Giving Reasons Lesson 6Mastering the nuances of expressing causality in Japanese, focusing on the distinction between から, ので, し, ため, and せい.Giving Reasons Lesson 7Master the nuances of expressing causality in Japanese, moving beyond basic 'kara' to more sophisticated structures like 'node', 'shi', 'tame', and 'sei'.Mini-Dialogue: Giving ReasonsA practical review of N3 reason-giving structures (から, ので, し, ため, せい) through a workplace dialogue.
Relative Clauses
Relative Clauses Lesson 1Learn how to use plain-form verbs and adjectives to modify nouns, allowing you to create descriptive, complex sentences in Japanese.Relative Clauses Lesson 2Expanding on N4 relative clauses, this lesson focuses on using relative clauses to describe nouns with more complex sentence structures, including the use of particles within the modifying clause.Relative Clauses Lesson 3Mastering complex noun modification using relative clauses with particles and specific verb forms to describe people and objects in detail.Relative Clauses Lesson 4Mastering complex relative clauses using the particle 'no' and nominalizers to describe nouns with phrases.Relative Clauses Lesson 5Mastering the use of relative clauses to describe nouns using complex verb phrases and particles in N3 Japanese.Relative Clauses Lesson 6Mastering complex noun modification using relative clauses with specific focus on time and location markers.Relative Clauses Lesson 7Mastering the use of relative clauses to describe nouns using complex verb phrases and particles in N3 Japanese.Relative Clauses Lesson 8This lesson focuses on using relative clauses to describe nouns using the 'no' particle and complex noun phrases, specifically focusing on the structure where a clause modifies a noun that acts as a possessor or a specific attribute.Mini-Dialogue: Relative ClausesA practical review of relative clauses (修飾 clause) through a natural conversation about lost items and daily life.
Transitive / Intransitive
Transitive / Intransitive Lesson 1An introduction to the distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs in Japanese, focusing on how they describe states and actions.Transitive / Intransitive Lesson 2Mastering the distinction between states resulting from intentional actions (〜てある) and ongoing actions or states (〜ている).Transitive / Intransitive Lesson 3Mastering the difference between 〜ている and 〜てある to describe states and results.Transitive / Intransitive Lesson 4Mastering the distinction between ～ている and ～てある to describe states of being and completed actions.Transitive / Intransitive Lesson 5Mastering the distinction between state-of-being (〜てある) and ongoing action (〜ている) using transitive and intransitive verb pairs.Transitive / Intransitive Lesson 6Mastering the distinction between -teiru and -tearu to describe states and results of actions.Transitive / Intransitive Lesson 7Mastering the distinction between 〜ている and 〜てある to describe states and results of actions.Transitive / Intransitive Lesson 8Mastering the distinction between state-of-being (ている) and state-of-result (てある) using transitive and intransitive verb pairs.Mini-Dialogue: Transitive / IntransitiveA practical review of transitive and intransitive verb pairs and the difference between ~ている and ~てある through a natural office scenario.
JLPT N2 — Upper-intermediate
Nuance, formal keigo, emphasis, and time relationships.
See all N2 resources →Advanced Conditionals
Advanced Conditionals Lesson 1Master the nuanced conditional and concessive patterns: ものなら, ものの, and ものを. These structures allow for expressing hypothetical desires, contrasting facts, and regret.Advanced Conditionals Lesson 2Master the nuanced conditional and concessive structures ものなら, ものの, and ものを to express hypothetical desires, acknowledged facts, and regret.Advanced Conditionals Lesson 3Master the nuanced conditional and contrastive structures: ものなら, ものの, and ものを.Advanced Conditionals Lesson 4Master the nuances of ものなら, ものの, and ものを to express hypothetical wishes, contrasting facts, and regret.Advanced Conditionals Lesson 5Master the nuances of ものなら, ものの, and ものを to express hypothetical wishes, contrasting facts, and regretful outcomes.Advanced Conditionals Lesson 6Master the nuanced conditional and contrastive structures: ものなら, ものの, and ものを.Advanced Conditionals Lesson 7Master the nuanced conditional and concessive patterns: ものなら, ものの, and ものを.Advanced Conditionals Lesson 8Master the nuanced conditional and contrastive structures: ものなら, ものの, and ものを.Mini-Dialogue: Advanced ConditionalsA review of N2 conditional and concessive patterns: ものなら, ものの, and ものを, through a workplace scenario.
Complex Sentences
Complex Sentences Lesson 1Master the N2 grammar points 〜につれて and 〜に伴って, used to describe proportional changes and simultaneous occurrences in formal contexts.Complex Sentences Lesson 2Master the N2 grammar points 〜につれて and 〜に伴って, used to express simultaneous change or correlation between two events.Complex Sentences Lesson 3Master the grammar points ～につれて and ～に伴って, used to express simultaneous change and correlation between two events.Complex Sentences Lesson 4Master the N2 grammar points 〜につれて and 〜に伴って, used to describe simultaneous changes or developments.Complex Sentences Lesson 5Master the usage of ～につれて and ～に伴って to express simultaneous changes or proportional shifts in situations.Complex Sentences Lesson 6Master the usage of 〜につれて and 〜に伴って to express how one change triggers another.Complex Sentences Lesson 7Master the grammar patterns ～につれて and ～に伴って, used to express simultaneous change or correlation between two events.Mini-Dialogue: Complex SentencesMaster the usage of ～につれて and ～に伴って through a workplace dialogue about environmental changes.
N2 Integrated Dialogue
N2 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 1Mastering the usage of ～ことだ (koto da) for giving advice or stating a general truth.N2 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 2: ～ずにはいられないMaster the N2 grammar point ～ずにはいられない, used to express an uncontrollable urge or feeling.N2 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 3: The usage of ～にかたくないThis lesson covers the N2 grammar point ～にかたくない, used to express that something is not difficult to imagine or understand.N2 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 4Master the grammar point ～ことだ (koto da) used for giving advice or emphasizing a state.N2 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 5: ～ずにはいられないMaster the N2 grammar point ～ずにはいられない to express an uncontrollable urge or feeling.N2 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 6Mastering the usage of ～ことだ (koto da) for giving advice and expressing emphasis in professional and formal contexts.N2 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 7: The Nuance of ～ずにはいられないMaster the N2 grammar point ～ずにはいられない, used to express an uncontrollable urge or feeling that one cannot help but do.Mini-Dialogue: N2 Integrated DialogueA review of core N2 grammar patterns through a natural workplace conversation.
Emphasis & Focus
Emphasis & Focus Lesson 1Master the art of highlighting specific information using particles and structures like さえ, こそ, and だけ to convey precise nuance in Japanese.Emphasis & Focus Lesson 2Mastering the nuances of limitation and exclusivity using さえ, こそ, ばかり, だけ, and しか〜ない.Emphasis & Focus Lesson 3Master the nuances of N2-level focus particles: さえ, こそ, ばかり, だけ, and しか〜ない to express exclusivity, emphasis, and limitation.Emphasis & Focus Lesson 4Mastering the nuance of 'only' and 'at least' using さえ, こそ, ばかり, だけ, and しか〜ない.Emphasis & Focus Lesson 5Mastering the nuances of N2-level focus particles: さえ, こそ, ばかり, だけ, and しか〜ない.Emphasis & Focus Lesson 6Mastering the nuance of 'only' and 'at least' through particles like さえ, こそ, ばかり, だけ, and しか〜ない.Emphasis & Focus Lesson 7Mastering the nuances of limitation and exclusivity using さえ, こそ, ばかり, だけ, and しか〜ない to express focus in N2-level Japanese.Emphasis & Focus Lesson 8Mastering the nuances of emphasis particles: さえ, こそ, ばかり, だけ, and しか〜ない to express exclusivity, limitation, and focus.Mini-Dialogue: Emphasis & FocusA review of N2 emphasis particles and patterns (さえ, こそ, ばかり, だけ, しか〜ない) through a natural office conversation.
Expressing Feelings
Expressing Feelings Lesson 1Master the N2 grammar points used to describe the feelings and appearances of others: がる, そう, げ, and っぽい.Expressing Feelings Lesson 2Master the nuances of expressing third-party emotions and appearances using がる, そう, げ, and っぽい.Expressing Feelings Lesson 3Mastering the nuances of expressing others' emotions and states using がる, そう, げ, and っぽい.Expressing Feelings Lesson 4Mastering the nuances of expressing others' feelings and states using がる, そう, げ, and っぽい.Expressing Feelings Lesson 5Mastering the N2 nuances of expressing emotions and appearances through the suffixes がる, そう, げ, and っぽい.Expressing Feelings Lesson 6Mastering the nuances of expressing others' emotions and states using がる, そう, げ, and っぽい.Expressing Feelings Lesson 7Mastering the nuances of expressing others' feelings and states using がる, そう, げ, and っぽい.Mini-Dialogue: Expressing FeelingsA review of N2-level grammar for expressing emotions and observations: がる, そう, げ, and っぽい.
Formal Keigo
Formal Keigo Lesson 1An introduction to the fundamental structure of Japanese honorifics (Keigo), focusing on the distinction between Sonkeigo (respectful) and Kenjougo (humble) language.Formal Keigo Lesson 2Mastering the advanced usage of Kenjougo (humble language) and Sonkeigo (respectful language) for professional business interactions.Formal Keigo Lesson 3Mastering the advanced honorifics (Sonkeigo) and humble forms (Kenjougo) used in professional business settings.Formal Keigo Lesson 4Mastering the usage of Kenjougo (humble language) and Sonkeigo (respectful language) in complex business scenarios, focusing on the 'o-verb-ni-naru' and 'o-verb-suru' structures.Formal Keigo Lesson 5Mastering the advanced honorifics and humble expressions used in professional Japanese business settings.Formal Keigo Lesson 6This lesson covers the advanced usage of 謙譲語 (Kenjougo) specifically focusing on the humble verbs 'おる' and 'まいる' and their role in professional communication.Formal Keigo Lesson 7: The O- / Go- Prefix SystemMastering the use of honorific prefixes (o- and go-) to elevate nouns and verbs in formal business settings.Formal Keigo Lesson 8: Specialized Kenjougo (Humility)Mastering advanced humble language (Kenjougo) verbs that do not follow the standard o-verb-suru pattern.Formal Keigo Lesson 9Mastering the usage of 'o-me ni kakaru' and 'go-zonji desu' to navigate high-level business interactions.Mini-Dialogue: Formal KeigoA practical review of Sonkeigo (respectful), Kenjougo (humble), and Teineigo (polite) in a professional business setting.
Literary & Formal
Literary & Formal Lesson 1Introduction to the formal copula 'である', the classical auxiliary 'べし', and the comparative 'ごとし'.Literary & Formal Lesson 2Mastering the formal copula 'である', the classical auxiliary 'べし', and the comparative 'ごとし' to elevate your written Japanese.Literary & Formal Lesson 3Mastering the classical copula 'dearu', the imperative 'beshi', and the comparative 'gotoshi' for formal writing and academic discourse.Literary & Formal Lesson 4Mastering the classical copula である, the imperative べし, and the comparative ごとし for formal writing and literary contexts.Literary & Formal Lesson 5Mastering the formal copula 'である', the classical imperative 'べし', and the comparative 'ごとし' for advanced N2 reading comprehension.Literary & Formal Lesson 6Mastering the classical copula である, the imperative-like べし, and the comparative ごとし to elevate your writing style to N2 literary standards.Literary & Formal Lesson 7Mastering the classical copula 'である', the imperative 'べし', and the comparative 'ごとし' to elevate your writing style to N2 formal standards.Literary & Formal Lesson 8Mastering the classical copula and comparative structures: である, べし, and ごとし for formal writing.Mini-Dialogue: Literary & FormalA review of literary grammar structures (である, べし, ごとし) through a formal dialogue.
Time Relationships
Time Relationships Lesson 1Master the nuances of temporal boundaries and sequences using うちに, 間に, 最中, and 次第.Time Relationships Lesson 2Mastering advanced time-based grammar: うちに, 間に, 最中, and 次第.Time Relationships Lesson 3Master the N2 time-related grammar points: うちに, 間に, 最中, and 次第 to express specific temporal conditions and sequences.Time Relationships Lesson 4Mastering advanced time-sensitive grammar: うちに, 間に, 最中, and 次第 to express specific temporal constraints and sequences.Time Relationships Lesson 5Mastering temporal boundaries: うちに, 間に, 最中, and 次第 to express specific timing and conditions.Time Relationships Lesson 6Mastering the nuances of time-sensitive grammar: うちに, 間に, 最中, and 次第.Time Relationships Lesson 7Master the N2 time-related grammar points: うちに, 間に, 最中, and 次第 to express specific temporal conditions and sequences.Time Relationships Lesson 8Mastering temporal grammar points: うちに, 間に, 最中, and 次第 to express specific timing and conditions.Mini-Dialogue: Time RelationshipsA practical review of N2 time-related grammar points (うちに, 間に, 最中, 次第) through a workplace dialogue.
JLPT N1 — Advanced
Classical holdovers, nuanced modality, advanced keigo, and idioms.
See all N1 resources →Advanced Keigo
Advanced Keigo Lesson 1Master the art of double honorifics (nijuu-keigo) by learning how to combine sonkeigo and kenjougo structures appropriately in professional N1-level contexts.Advanced Keigo Lesson 2Mastering the use of double honorifics (nijuu-keigo) in high-stakes business and formal communication.Advanced Keigo Lesson 3Mastering double honorifics to navigate complex business and formal social hierarchies.Advanced Keigo Lesson 4Mastering the use of double honorifics (nijuu-keigo) in professional Japanese contexts.Advanced Keigo Lesson 5Mastering the usage of double honorifics (niju-keigo) in professional settings.Advanced Keigo Lesson 6Mastering the complex structure of double honorifics (nijū keigo) in high-stakes business and formal communication.Advanced Keigo Lesson 7Mastering double honorifics (Nijuu Keigo) to navigate high-stakes business environments and formal social settings.Mini-Dialogue: Advanced KeigoA review of double honorifics (nijuu-keigo) through a professional business dialogue.
Classical Holdovers
Classical Holdovers Lesson 1Master the usage of classical grammar remnants: 已然形 (izenkei), べからず (bekarazu), and まじき (majiki) as they appear in modern formal, legal, and literary Japanese.Classical Holdovers Lesson 2Mastering advanced classical grammar remnants: 已然形 (izenkei), べからず (bekarazu), and まじき (majiki) for formal and literary contexts.Classical Holdovers Lesson 3Mastering the archaic forms 已然形 (izenkei), べからず (bekarazu), and まじき (majiki) as they appear in modern N1-level formal and literary Japanese.Classical Holdovers Lesson 4Mastering the N1-level classical grammar structures: 已然形 (izenkei), べからず (bekarazu), and まじき (majiki).Classical Holdovers Lesson 5Mastering the archaic forms 已然形 (izenkei), べからず (bekarazu), and まじき (majiki) to understand formal, literary, and legalistic Japanese.Classical Holdovers Lesson 6Mastering the archaic grammar structures 已然形 (izenkei), べからず (bekarazu), and まじき (majiki) commonly found in formal, legal, or literary contexts.Classical Holdovers Lesson 7Mastering the N1-level classical grammar patterns: 已然形 (izenkei), べからず (bekarazu), and まじき (majiki).Classical Holdovers Lesson 8Mastering high-level classical grammar vestiges: 已然形 (izenkei) for causal/concessive clauses, べからず for prohibitions, and まじき for moral impropriety.Mini-Dialogue: Classical HoldoversMastering high-level classical grammar vestiges like 已然形, べからず, and まじき through a professional workplace dialogue.
Formal Correspondence
Formal Correspondence Lesson 1Master the usage of the formal noun suffix '〜の儀' and the conventions of 書面語 (written formal language) in professional Japanese correspondence.Formal Correspondence Lesson 2Master the usage of the formal suffix ～の儀 (no gi) and advanced written-style expressions used in high-level Japanese business and ceremonial correspondence.Formal Correspondence Lesson 3Master the usage of the formal noun suffix '〜の儀' and the conventions of written correspondence (shomen-go) in high-level business and ceremonial contexts.Formal Correspondence Lesson 4Master the usage of the formal suffix 〜の儀 (no gi) and advanced written-language (書面語) conventions used in high-level business and ceremonial correspondence.Formal Correspondence Lesson 5Master the usage of the formal suffix 〜の儀 (no gi) in high-level business and ceremonial correspondence.Formal Correspondence Lesson 6Mastering the usage of the formal suffix 〜の儀 (no gi) and advanced written register (書面語) for high-level business and ceremonial correspondence.Formal Correspondence Lesson 7Mastering the usage of the formal noun suffix 〜の儀 (no gi) in high-level business and ceremonial correspondence.Mini-Dialogue: Formal CorrespondenceReviewing advanced formal written language (書面語) and the honorific noun suffix 〜の儀 in a professional context.
N1 Integrated Dialogue
N1 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 1: The nuance of ～極まりないMaster the N1 grammar point ～極まりない (kiwamarinai), used to express extreme states or degrees of a quality.N1 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 2Mastering the usage of ～極まりない (kiwamarinai) to express extreme states and emotional intensity in formal Japanese.N1 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 3Mastering the usage of the N1 grammar point ～を余儀なくされる (to be forced to do/undergo), used to describe unavoidable, often negative, circumstances.N1 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 4Mastering the N1 grammar pattern ～を皮切りに (o kawakiri ni) to express the starting point of a series of events.N1 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 5This lesson covers the advanced grammar structure ～極まりない (kiwamarinai), used to express an extreme degree of a negative or evaluative state.N1 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 6Mastering the usage of ～極まりない (kiwamarinai) to express extreme states of being.N1 Integrated Dialogue Lesson 7Mastering the usage of ～極まりない (kiwamarinai) to express extreme states of emotion or conditions.Mini-Dialogue: N1 Integrated DialogueA consolidated review of N1-level grammatical structures through a professional office-setting dialogue.
Literary Devices
Literary Devices Lesson 1Master the art of 'Taigendome' (noun-ending) for impact and explore the structure of Yojijukugo (four-character idioms) to elevate your writing style.Literary Devices Lesson 2Master the art of 'Taigendome' (noun-ending) for dramatic impact and explore the structure of 'Yojijukugo' (four-character idioms) to elevate your writing style.Literary Devices Lesson 3Master the art of Taigendome for dramatic impact and explore the foundational use of Yojijukugo in formal Japanese writing.Literary Devices Lesson 4Master the art of Taigendome (noun-ending) for dramatic impact and explore the structure of Yojijukugo (four-character idioms) to elevate your N1-level writing and speech.Literary Devices Lesson 5Master the art of Taigendome (Noun-ending) for dramatic impact and gain an introduction to essential Yojijukugo (four-character idioms) used in advanced Japanese literature.Literary Devices Lesson 6This lesson explores the N1-level literary technique of 'Taigendome' (ending with a noun) and provides an introduction to Yojijukugo (four-character idioms) to enhance your writing style.Literary Devices Lesson 7Master the art of ending sentences with nouns (体言止め) to create impact and explore the structure of four-character idioms (四字熟語).Mini-Dialogue: Literary DevicesA review of N1 literary devices including Taigendome and Yojijukugo through a natural dialogue.
Nuanced Modality
Nuanced Modality Lesson 1Mastering high-level expressions of intention, necessity, and inability: まい, ざるを得ない, and かねる.Nuanced Modality Lesson 2Mastering high-level expressions of necessity, refusal, and inability: まい, ざるを得ない, and かねる.Nuanced Modality Lesson 3Master high-level expressions of modality: まい (negative volition/conjecture), ざるを得ない (compulsion), and かねる (inability/refusal).Nuanced Modality Lesson 4Mastering high-level expressions of necessity, refusal, and inability: まい, ざるを得ない, and かねる.Nuanced Modality Lesson 5Mastering high-level expressions of negation, obligation, and inability: まい, ざるを得ない, and かねる.Nuanced Modality Lesson 6Master the N1-level modal expressions まい, ざるを得ない, and かねる to express strong negative intention, unavoidable obligation, and polite refusal.Nuanced Modality Lesson 7Mastering high-level Japanese modality: expressing determination with まい, unavoidable circumstances with ざるを得ない, and inability to perform an action with かねる.Nuanced Modality Lesson 8Mastering high-level Japanese modality expressions: まい (negation/conjecture), ざるを得ない (compulsion), and かねる (inability/refusal).Mini-Dialogue: Nuanced ModalityA review of N1 modal expressions: まい, ざるを得ない, and かねる through a professional workplace dialogue.
Proverbs & Idioms
Proverbs & Idioms Lesson 1An introduction to high-level Japanese proverbs and idioms frequently encountered in business and literature, focusing on the expression '石の上にも三年'.Proverbs & Idioms Lesson 2Mastering advanced Japanese idioms and proverbs essential for N1 proficiency, focusing on context-dependent usage and cultural nuance.Proverbs & Idioms Lesson 3This lesson explores advanced N1-level idioms and proverbs, focusing on phrases used to describe human nature, social dynamics, and the unpredictability of life.Proverbs & Idioms Lesson 4Mastering advanced Japanese idioms involving human nature and social dynamics, specifically focusing on the nuance of 'the nail that sticks out gets hammered down' and related N1-level expressions.Proverbs & Idioms Lesson 5Mastering advanced Japanese idioms and proverbs involving the concepts of 'water' and 'time' to enhance N1-level expressive capability.Proverbs & Idioms Lesson 6Mastering advanced Japanese idioms and proverbs related to human nature and social interaction, specifically focusing on the expression '猫の額' (neko no hitai) and its usage in N1-level contexts.Proverbs & Idioms Lesson 7Mastering advanced Japanese idioms involving the concept of 'water' and 'flow' to describe human nature and inevitability.Proverbs & Idioms Lesson 8Mastering advanced Japanese idioms and proverbs involving the concept of 'patience' and 'persistence' (忍耐).Proverbs & Idioms Lesson 9This lesson explores the idiomatic expression '〜の至り' (no itari), used to express the extreme limit or peak of a state or emotion, common in formal N1-level discourse.Mini-Dialogue: Proverbs & IdiomsA listening-focused review of N1-level proverbs and idioms in a natural business context.