Literary & Formal Lesson 7
Mastering the classical copula 'である', the imperative 'べし', and the comparative 'ごとし' to elevate your writing style to N2 formal standards.
The World of Formal Writing
When reading academic papers, editorials, or classical-style literature, you will encounter grammar that feels stiff and authoritative compared to everyday speech.
Core Literary Structures
These three forms act as the pillars of formal, written Japanese.
Tip
Usage in Context
See how these forms function in formal sentences.
本稿の目的は、事実を明らかにすることである。
The purpose of this paper is to clarify the facts.
学生は勉学に励むべし。
Students should devote themselves to their studies.
彼の行動は、嵐のごとし。
His actions are like a storm.
この問題は解決すべき【べし】。
Hint: The classical form for 'must'.
This problem must be solved.
Register and Nuance
Understanding when to use these forms is key to sounding natural in formal writing.
である vs だ
である
Academic/Formal writing
結論は以下の通りである。
だ
Casual/Neutral speech
結論は以下の通りだ。
Which of these is most appropriate for a formal academic thesis?
- 〜だ
- ✓ 〜である
- 〜だよ
- 〜でございます
〜である is the standard, objective copula for formal writing.
Advanced Nuances
A look at the historical roots of these forms.
Historical Context
Lesson Summary
These literary forms are essential for N2 reading comprehension, allowing you to identify the tone and intent of formal documents.